Clinical Guidelines & References (Not Printed on Report)
The medication and supplement discontinuation intervals utilized in this assessment tool are derived from peer-reviewed anesthesiology, cardiovascular, and surgical consensus guidelines:
- American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA): Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting and Perioperative Medication Management. Recommends discontinuation of non-essential herbal preparations 2 weeks prior to surgery, weekly GLP-1 agonists 7 days prior, and SGLT2 inhibitors 3 to 4 days prior to prevent euglycemic ketoacidosis.
- American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association (ACC/AHA): Guideline for the Perioperative Management of Antithrombotic Therapy. Establishes the preoperative cessation windows for P2Y12 inhibitors (5-7 days), Warfarin (5 days), and Direct Oral Anticoagulants (48-72 hours based on renal clearance).
- The Iowa Clinic / Waukee Surgery Center & Iowa Ortho: Preoperative Clinical Protocols for Outpatient Surgical Patients. Establishes standardized cessation timelines for anti-inflammatory medications, rheumatology biologics, stimulant weight loss agents, and over-the-counter analgesic preparations.
- US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Drug Safety Communications: Mandates temporary discontinuation of canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin at least 3 days prior to scheduled surgery (ertugliflozin 4 days).